Víctimas, sobrevivientes y perpetradores a 60 años, 5ta. parte

La juventudes Hilterianas y los que se atrevieron a rebelarse

¿Quiénes eran Sophie y Hans Schooll? ¿Qué sucedias en ese momento en la Alemania nazi?

Hijos más pequeños de los cinco que tuvieron Roberto Sholl –objetor de conciencia durante la primera guerra mundial y antinazi- y las diaconiza Magdalene Müller, y formados en la mejor tradicion protestante, Sophie y Hans habian formado parte de los Wandervögel (Pájaros Vagabundos), una especie de Boy scouts que la propaganda nazi habia logrado ganar para la Juventud Hitleriana. Enfrentandos al principio con el padre, terminaron pronto por decepcionarse del nazismo y llevar al extremo las razones con las que habian sido educados. Tres hechos fueron decisivos: la exclusion de las Juventudes de la judia Luise Nathan, amiga de Sophie; la prohibicion de cantos de otras culkturas, que Hands amaba e interpretaba muy bien, y el enfrentamiento de Hanz con El Gran Encuentro de la Libertad del Partido celebrado en Nurenberg en 1936 –depues del evento y con una clarividencia poco comun en aquella pepoca, ese muchaco de 18 años escribió: “La Masa. Odio ese concepto.” A los que Sophie de 17 años respondió: “Luchemos para no caer en la manada”

Despues de un tiempo, los muchachos Scholl ingresaron a un grupo secreto llamado “d.j.1.11” (deutsche jungenschaft del 1 de noviembre). Junto a un puñado de estudiantes pobres que no tenian otra cosa que oponer a la mentira y a la barbarie que “tres mil años de civilizacion Eropea”; el ejemplo de sus padres y el evangelio, se armaron de una maquina de escribir, un hectógrafo – no implrimia mas de cien copias- y papel, en los que redactaban panfletos que firmaban con el nombre de la “Rosa Blanca” y enviaban por correo. ¿Cuánta propaganda podian haber distribuido así? No mucha, poca frente al descomunal aparato nazi –una de las pruebas de la acusación fueron 140 timbres encontrados en el cuanto de Hanz.

El 18 de febrero fecha en que los hemanos Scholl descidieron desafiar mas al régimen distribuyendo un panfleto en la Universidad que develaba la mentira y el inicio de la derrota del nazismo, y fueron capturados, Goebbels respondia al fracaso en el frente ruso con un gigantesco mitín en el Palacio de los Deportes de Berlin para convencer al pueblo de la cercania de la victoria y llamar a la guerra total.

El trbajo de La Rosa Blanca era nada frente a la voz de Goebbels y el aparto que la decapitó. ¿Esos muchachos lo sabían? ¿Eran ingenuos?. Creo, con Jean Robert, ellos nunca hicieron tales preguntas. Ingeniosos, pero nunca ingenuos, hicieron lo que devian y podian para hacer frente a la barbarie. Unas palabras de su panfletos y lo que Hanz escribio a lapíz en el muro de su celda lo resume: “Quien no hace nada ahora, se vuelve cómplice”. “mantenerse sólido y fuerte en la fe a pesar de todos los poderes o violencias”.

Como en la vida de Jesús, que fue su modelo, en lo minimo de la Rosa Blanca frente a la propaganda de Goebbels y la persecución del aparato de estado al interior de Alemania, estaba paradójicamente lo máximo.

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Additional Recommended Bibliography

The symbol denotes sources of special interest to young readers.

About Herbert Norkus, Including Firsthand Accounts.

1. Baird, Jay W. To Die for Germany: Heroes in the Nazi Pantheon. Bloomington: IndianaUniversity Press, 1990.

2. “Der Führer spricht zur deutschen Jugend.” Vólkischer Beobachter 278 (4 October 1932). Pp. 1, col. 1-2; 3. Translated for the author by Janna Morishima.

3. Goebbels, Joseph. Vom Kaiserhof zur Reichskanzlei. Munich: Zentralverlag der NSDAP, 1937. Translated for the author by Elizabeth Tucker, Ph.D., Binghamton University, N.Y.

4.______,Wetterleuchten. Munich: Zentralverlag der NSDAP, 1939. Translated for the author by Elizabeth Tucker, Ph.D., Binghamton University, N.Y.

5. Lemmons, Russel. Goebbels and Der Angriff. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1994.

6. Mondt, Gerhard. Herbert Norkus, das Tagebuch der Kamer­adschaft Beusselkietz. Berlin: Traditions-verlag Kolk & Co., 1941. Translated for the author by Elizabeth Tucker, Ph.D., Binghamton University, N.Y.

7. Ramlow, Rudolf. Herbert Norkus? Hier! Opfer und Sieg der HitlerJugend. Berlin: Union Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft Stuttgart, 1933. Translated for the author by Elizabeth Tucker, Ph.D., Binghamton University, N.Y.

8. Stachura, Peter D. Nazi Youth in the WeimarRepublic. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Clio Books, 1975.

About Karl Schnibbe, Rudi Wobbe, and Helmuth Hübener, Including Firsthand Accounts

9. Schnibbe, Karl. Personal interview by author. Salt Lake City,Utah, 13, 14, 15 December 2002. To read more about Karl Schnibbe, consult his autobiography, The Price (Salt Lake City, Utah: Bookcraft, Inc., 1984) . , and his life history, When Truth Was Treason: German Youth Against Hitler The Story of the Helmuth Hübener Group, compiled with docu­ments and notes by Blair R. Holmes and Alan F. Keele (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1995).

10. Wobbe, Rudi, and Jerry Borrowman. Before the Blood Tribunal. American Fork, Utah: Covenant Communications, Inc., 1992.

About Hans and Sophie Scholl and the White Rose, Including Firsthand Accounts

11. Dumbach, Annette, and Jud Newborn. Shattering the German Night: The Story of the White Rose. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1986.

12. Fest, Joachim. Plotting Hitler’s Death: The Story of the German Resistance. Translated by Bruce Little. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1997.

13. “German Youth Is Not All Nazified.” Christian Century 60 (7 July 1943): 789.

14. Scholl, Hans, and Sophie Scholl. Diaries and Letters. Courtesy Institut für Zeitgeschichte München-Berlin. Translated for the author by Janna Morishima.

15. _______,At the Heart of the White Rose: Letters and Diaries of Hans Scholl and Sophie Scholl. Translation and commentary by Inge Jens. New York: HarperCollins, 1987.

16. Scholl, Inge. The White Rose: Munich, 1942-1943. Middletown, Conn.: WesleyanUniversity Press, 1983.

17. Vinke, Hermann. The Short Life of Sophie Scholl. Translated by Hedwig Pachter. New York: Harper and Row, Publishers, 1984.

About Life in the Hitler Youth, Education, and Reich Labor Service, Including Firsthand Accounts

18. Brennecke, Fritz. Nazi Primer Official Handbook for Schooling the Hitler Youth. Translated by Harwood L. Childs with commentary by William E. Dodd. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1938.

19. Heck, Alfons. A Child of Hitler Germany in the Days When God Wore a Swastika. Phoenix, Ariz.: Renaissance House Publishers, 1985.

20. Heym, Stefan. “Youth in Hitler’s Reich.” The Nation 142 (27 June 1936): 836-840.

21. Hiller, Robert L. H. “German Youth Will Gladly Die.” Survey Graphic 30 (February 1941): 68-71.

22. Koch, H. W. The Hitler Youth: Origins and Development, 1922-45. New York: Cooper Square Press, 2000.

23. Krüger, H6rst. A Crack in the Wall: Growing Up Under Hitler. New York: Fromm International Publishing Co., 1966.

24. Lewis, Brenda Ralph. Hitler Youth: The Hitlerjugend in War and Peace 1933-1945. Osceola, Wisc.: MBI Publishing Co., 2001

25. Littlejohn, David. The Hitler Youth. Columbia, S.C.: The R. L. Bryan Co., 1988.

26. Maschmann, Melita. Account Rendered: A Dossier on My Former Self. Translated by Geoffrey Strachan. London: Abelard-Schuman, 1964.

27. Metelmann, Henry. Telephone interview by author. Surrey, England, 14 May 2004. To read more about Henry Metelmann, consult his autobiographical books Through Hell for Hitler (Havertown, Pa.: Casemate, 2001) and A Hitler Youth: Growing Up in Germany in the 1930s (London: Caliban Books, 1997).

28. Paetel, Karl O. “Nazis Under Twenty-one,” The Nation 150 (1 April 1944) 391-92.

29. Pellusch, Elisabeth Vetter. Telephone interview by author. Rockport, Tex., 29 March 2004 and 24 July 2004.

30. Perel, Schlomo, and Solomon Perel. Europa, Europa, Translated by Margot Bettauer Dembo. New York: John Wiley 8r Sons, Inc., 1997.

31. Rempel, Gerhard. Hitler’s Children: The Hitler Youth and the SS. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1989.

32. Roberts, Kenneth. “Hitler Youth.” Saturday Evening post 206 (2 June 1934): 41.

33. Schroeder, Manfred. Telephone interview by author. BerkeleyHeights, NJ., 4 April 2004.

34. Schwarz, Sasha. Personal interview by author. Westfield, NJ., 26 March 2003.

35. Springer, Zvonko. E-mail interview by author. Salzburg, Austria, 9 March 2004. To read more about Zvonko Springer, consult his Web site: www.cosy.sbg.ac.at/-zzspri/index.html

36, Steinhoff, Johannes, Peter Pechel, and Dennis Showalter, eds. Voices from the Third Reich: An Oral History. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway, 1989. Oral histories consulted from this collection include those of Albert Bastian, Irmgard Burmeister, Gesa Hachman, Walter Knappe, Uwe Káster, Horst Kügler, Lothar Loewe, Klaus Messner, Peter Petersen, Hermann Roseneau, Gaston Ruskin, Klaus Scheurenberg, Bernard Schmitt, Heinz Schwartz, Pater Basilius Heinrich Bartius Streithofen, and Willi Weisskirch.

37. “The Hitler Youth: Complete History in Five Chapters.” www.historyplace.com

About jewish Life during the Third Reich, Including Firsthand Accounts

38. “American Outcry at German Jew-Baiting.” The Literary Digest 115 (1 April 1933): 3-4.

39. Berstein, Philip S. “The Fate of German Jews.” The Nation 145 (23 October 1937): 423-25.

40. Brostoff, Anita, and Sheila Chamovitz. Flares of Memory’ Stories of Childhood during the Holocaust, Survivors Remember. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 2002. Life histories consulted from this collection include those written by Arnold Blum, Ruth Lieberman Drescher, Ernest Light, Marga Silbermann Randall, and Marianne Silberberg Silberman.”

41. Drescher, Ruth Lieberman. Telephone interview by author. Pittsburgh, Pa., 31 March 2004.

42. Herz, Hanns Peter. E-mail interview by author. Berlin, Ger­many, 8 September 2004.

43. Hewitt, Charles E. “Hitler’s Hymns of Hate.” New Outlook 164 (December 1934): 43.

44. `Jew Hunt.” Time 26 (29 July 1935): 18-19.

45. Koehn, Ilse. Mischling, Second Degree: My Childhood in Nazi Germany. New York: Greenwillow Books, 1977.

46. Lawrence, Evelyn. “The Hitler Terror Mounts.” The Nation 139 (5 September 1934): 261-62.

47. Lewyn, Bert, and Bev Saltzman Lewyn. On the Run in Nazi Berlin. Philadelphia: Xlibris Corporation, 2001. 48. Randall, Marga Silbermann. Telephone interview by author. Pittsburgh, Pa., 15 April 2004.

49. Silberman, Marianne Silberberg. Telephone interview by author. Scottsdale, Az., 24 March 2004.

50. “The Terror in Germany.” Living Age 344, no. 4400 (May 1933):198-202.

About the 12th SS-Hitlerjugerid, the SA, the SS, and World War II

51. Britt, Hermann. “Portrait of a Storm Trooper.” Living Age 344, (July 1933): 418-425.

52. Grunberger, Richard. Hitler’s SS. New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell, 1971.

53. Hdhne, Heinrich. The Order of the Death’s Head: The Story of Hitler’s SS. Translated by Richard Barrie. New York: Penguin, 2001.

54. Keegan, John. The Second World War. London: Century Hutchinson, Ltd., 1989.

55. Koehl, Robert Lewis. The Black Corps The Structure and Power Struggles of the Nazi SS. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

56. Luther, Craig W. Blood and Honor., The History of the 12th SS “Hitler Youth, ” 1943-1945. San Jose, Calif.: R. James Bender Publishing, 1988.

57- McCallum, Thomas Richard. “The 12th SS Panzer Division `Hitlerjugend’: A History.” Unpublished Master’s thesis, University of Alberta, 1980.

58. Meyer, Kurt. Grenadiers. Translated by Michael Mendé. Manitoba, Canada: J J. Fedorowicz Publishers, 2001.

59. Reynolds, Michael. Men of Steel I SS Panzer Corps: The Ardennes and Eastern Front, 1944-45. New York: Da Capo, 1999.

60.______Steel Inferno: I SS Panzer Corps in Normandy. New York: Dell Publishing, 1998.

61. Schneider, Jost W. Their Honor Was Loyalty! An Illustrated and Documented History of the Knight’s Cross Holders of the Waffen-SS and Police. San Jose, Calif.: R. James Bender Pub­lishing, 1993.

62. Stein, George H. The LYTaffen SS: Hitler’s Elite Guard at War, 1939-1945. Ithaca, N.Y.: CornellUniversity Press, 1984.

63. Sullivan, Michael E. “Hitler’s Teenaged Zealots: Fanatics, Combat Motivation, and the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerju­gend.” Unpublished Master’s thesis, University of New Brunswick, 1999.

64. Toland, John. The Last 100 Days: The Tumultuous and Controversial Story of the Final Days of World War II in Europe. New York: Random House, 1967.

65. Walther, Herbert. The 12th SS Armored Division: A Documentation in Words and Pictures. Atglen, Pa.: Schiffer, 1989.

66. Wegner, Bernd. The TYTaffen-SS: Organization, Ideology, and Function. Translated by Ronald Webster. Cambridge, Mass.: Basil Blackwell, Inc., 1990.

About Adolf Hitler, Including His Own Words

67. “The Bewildering Magic of Führer Hitler.” Literary Digest 115 (13 May 1933): 10-11.

68. “Comic Aspects of Hitler’s Career.” Literary Digest 116 (26 August 1933): 13.

69. Fest, Joachim. Hitler. Translated by Richard and Clara Winston. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1974.

70.-Giblin, James. The Life and Death of Adolf Hitler. New York: Clarion Books, 2002.

71.-Hitler, Adolf. “Birth, Growth, and Principles of the New Germany.” Vital Speeches 3 (1 August 1937): 627-28.

72.-Hitler Speeches and Proclamations 1932-1945.­The Chronicle of a Dictatorship. Vols. I-IV. Translated by Max Domarus. Wauconda, Ill.: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1992.

73.-Mein Kampf. New York and Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1939.

74.- My New Order. Edited by Raoul de Roussy de Sales. New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1941.

75.- The Speeches of Adolf Hitler, April 1922-August 1939. Translated by Norman H. Baynes. New York: Gordon Press, 1981.

76.-“Text of Hitler’s Speech to the Reichstag at Nurem­berg. ” The New York Times, 16 September 1935, p. 11, col. 4-6.

77.-Kershaw, Ian. Hitler 1889-1936- Hubris. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1999.

78.-Hitler,. 1936-1945: Nemesis. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 2000.

79.-The Hitler Myth: Image and Reality in the Third Reich. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987.

80.-Lukacs, John. The Hitler of History. New York: Random House, 1977.

81. Rauschning, Hermann. Hitler Speaks: A Series of Political

Conversations with Adolf Hitler on His Real Aims. London: Thornton Butterworth Ltd., 1939.

82. Toland, John. Adolf Hitler. New York: Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1976.

About the German People, National Socialism, and the Third Reich, Including Firsthand Accounts

83. Bartov, Omer. “Germany As Victim.” New German Critique 80 (2000): 29-39.

84. Birchall, Frederick T. “Suspense Chills the Nuremberg Rally,” The New York Times, 11 September 1938, sec. 4, p. 3, col. 6.

85. Crew, David, ed. Nazism and German Society, 1933-45. London and New York: Routledge, 1994.

86. Elias, Norbert. The Germans: Power Struggles and the Development of Habitus in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. New York: ColumbiaUniversity Press, 1997. 87. FriedUnder, Saul. “History, Memory, and the Historian: Dilemmas and Responsibilities.” New German Critique 80 (2000): 3-15.

88. Heilbronner, Oded, and Detlef Mühlberger. “The Achilles’ Heel of German Catholicism: `Who Voted for Hitler?’ Revisited.” European History Quarterly 27 (1997): 221-27.

89. Hiden, John, and John Farquharson. Explaining Hitler’s Germany: Historians and the Third Reich. London: Batsford Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1983.

90. Kershaw, Ian. The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation. 3rd ed. London and New York: Edward Arnold, Hodder and Stoughton, 1993.

91. Magstadt, Thomas. Nations and Governments: Compara­tive Politics in Regional Perspective. 4th ed. Boston: Bed­ford/St. Martin’s, 2002.

92. The Nation. 140 (5 June 1935): 645.

93. Sanford, John. Encyclopedia of Contemporary German Culture. London and New York: Routledge, 1999.

94.-Sax, Benjamin, and Dieter Kuntz . Inside Hitler´s Germany. A Documentary of Life in the Third Reich. Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath and Company, 1992.

95. Shirer, William L. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1960.

96. Snyder, Louis L. Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. New York: McGraw Hill Book Co., 1976.

97. Sulzberger, C. L. New History of World War 11 Revised and updated by Stephen Ambrose. New York: Viking, 1997.

98. Zentner, Christian, and Freidemann Bedürftig. The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. Vol. I-II. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1991.

About Resistance, Including Firsthand Accounts

99. Benz, Wolfgang, and Walter Pehle, ed. Encyclopedia of German Resistance to the Nazi Movement. Translated by Lance Garmer. New York: Continuum Publishers, 1996.

100. Gollwitzer, Helmut, ed., et al. Dying We Live: The Final Messages and Records of the Resistance. New York: HarperCollins, 1983.

101. Large, David Clay. “`A Beacon in the German Darkness’: The Anti-Nazi Resistance Legacy in West German Politics.” TheJournal ofModern History 64 Supplement (December 1992): S173-S186.

102. Mallmann, Klaus-Michael, and Gerhard Paul. “Omniscient, Omnipotent, Omnipresent: Gestapo, Society, and Resistance.” Nazism and German Society. Edited by David F. Crew. London and New York: Routledge, 1994.

About Concentration Camps, Euthanasia, and the Holocaust, Including Firsthand Accounts

103. Allen, Michael Thad. The Business of Genocide: The SS, Slave Labor, and the Concentration Camps. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.

104.-Berenbaum, Michel. Witness to the Holocaust. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1997.

105. Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah. Hitler’s Willing Fxecutioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996.

106. Horwitz, Gordon J. In the Shadow of Death: Living Outside the Gates of Mauthausen. New York: Free Press, Macmillan International, 1990.

107. Johnson, Eric. Nazi Terror.. The Gestapo, Jews, and Ordinary Germans. New York: Basic Books, 1999.

108. Kogon, Eugen. The Theory and Practice of Hell: The German Concentration Camps and the System Behind Them. Translated by Heinz Norden. New York: Octagon Books, 1972.

109. Levi, Primo. T’he Drowned and the Saved. Translated by Raymond Rosenthal. New York: Summit Books, 1988.

110.-_______ If This Is a Man.Altrincham, United Kingdom: Abacus, 1987.

111. Light, Ernest. Telephone interview by author. Pittsburgh, Pa., 26 April 2004.

112. Naumann, Michael. “Remembrance and Political Reality: Historical Consciousness in Germany after the Genocide.” New German Critique 80 (2000): 17-28.

113. Strom, Margot Stern. Facing History and Ourselves: Holocaust and Human Behavior. Brookline, Mass.: Facing History and Ourselves National Foundation, Inc., 1994.

114. United StatesHolocaustMemorialMuseum. www.ushmm.org

115. Zoech, Irene. “Named: The Baby Boy Who Was Nazis’ First Euthanasia Victim.” Sunday Telegraph [London, England], 12 October 2003, p. 29.